{"id":5126,"date":"2026-04-15T15:48:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T13:48:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pierrebarros.fr\/?p=5126"},"modified":"2026-05-18T15:53:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T13:53:16","slug":"pour-une-ecologie-sociale-le-cas-de-la-suppression-de-la-zfe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pierrebarros.fr\/index.php\/2026\/04\/15\/pour-une-ecologie-sociale-le-cas-de-la-suppression-de-la-zfe\/","title":{"rendered":"Pour une \u00e9cologie sociale\u00a0: le cas de la suppression de la ZFE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

En avril, au S\u00e9nat, nous votions sur le projet de loi de simplification \u00e9conomique. Officiellement, il s\u2019agissait de \u00ab simplifier \u00bb les normes et les contraintes pesant sur les entreprises et les entrepreneurs. Mais derri\u00e8re ce mot d\u2019ordre apparemment consensuel, l\u2019intention politique \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 lisible : all\u00e9ger, d\u00e9r\u00e9guler, r\u00e9duire les garde-fous. Apr\u00e8s deux ann\u00e9es de d\u00e9bats, le texte s\u2019est encore davantage \u00e9loign\u00e9 de son objet initial pour devenir un v\u00e9ritable fourre-tout l\u00e9gislatif. On y trouve ainsi des mesures sans lien direct avec la simplification administrative, parmi lesquelles la suppression des zones \u00e0 faibles \u00e9missions, les ZFE.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Instaur\u00e9es en 2018 par \u00c9lisabeth Borne, alors ministre des Transports, les ZFE visaient initialement \u00e0 restreindre progressivement la circulation des v\u00e9hicules les plus polluants dans les villes soumises \u00e0 des d\u00e9passements r\u00e9guliers des normes de qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air, comme Paris, Lyon ou Marseille. La loi Climat et r\u00e9silience de 2021 a ensuite pr\u00e9vu leur extension \u00e0 toutes les agglom\u00e9rations de plus de 150 000 habitants \u00e0 partir du 1er janvier 2025. Mais, dans les faits, seules 25 m\u00e9tropoles les ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es \u00e0 ce jour. Le principe pouvait donc sembler n\u00e9cessaire : am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air dans les grandes villes est un objectif fondamental de sant\u00e9 publique. Pourtant, les ZFE, telles qu\u2019elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ues, se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es profond\u00e9ment inadapt\u00e9es aux r\u00e9alit\u00e9s sociales et territoriales du pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une mesure environnementale mais socialement injuste.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le premier probl\u00e8me est social.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La loi Climat de 2021 pr\u00e9voit l\u2019interdiction progressive des v\u00e9hicules les plus polluants, y compris pour les particuliers, avec les Crit\u2019Air 5 en 2023, les Crit\u2019Air 4 en 2024, puis les Crit\u2019Air 3 en 2025. Cela repr\u00e9sente environ 40% du parc automobile, soit pr\u00e8s de 14 millions de v\u00e9hicules. Or les m\u00e9nages les moins ais\u00e9s sont pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ceux qui poss\u00e8dent le plus souvent les voitures les plus anciennes et les moins bien class\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La ZFE revient alors \u00e0 limiter le droit \u00e0 la mobilit\u00e9 de populations qui en d\u00e9pendent fortement, sans leur offrir d\u2019alternative cr\u00e9dible ni leur donner les moyens financiers de changer de v\u00e9hicule. Cette difficult\u00e9 concerne largement les classes populaires, qui utilisent leur voiture pour travailler ou se rendre au travail, mais elle touche aussi de mani\u00e8re particuli\u00e8re certains m\u00e9tiers tr\u00e8s f\u00e9minis\u00e9s, comme les aides \u00e0 domicile ou les personnels du nettoyage, qui se d\u00e9placent souvent avec leur propre v\u00e9hicule. Compte tenu du niveau tr\u00e8s bas des salaires dans ces secteurs, leur demander d\u2019investir dans un v\u00e9hicule plus r\u00e9cent ou moins polluant revient \u00e0 leur imposer une contrainte impossible \u00e0 assumer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quand l\u2019\u00e9cologie oublie les territoires p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 cette in\u00e9galit\u00e9 sociale s\u2019ajoute une in\u00e9galit\u00e9 territoriale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les ZFE p\u00e9nalisent davantage les habitants des p\u00e9riph\u00e9ries et des espaces p\u00e9riurbains, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019usage de la voiture est souvent indispensable pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019emploi, aux services publics ou aux infrastructures du quotidien. Les m\u00e9nages modestes vivent rarement au c\u0153ur des grandes villes, o\u00f9 l\u2019offre de transports collectifs est dense. Ils r\u00e9sident plus souvent dans des territoires o\u00f9 cette offre est insuffisante voire inexistante. Selon l\u2019OFCE, 2 millions de m\u00e9nages seraient concern\u00e9s par le passage au Crit\u2019Air 3. Parmi eux, 840 000 ne disposeraient pas d\u2019alternative cr\u00e9dible en transports en commun, et 136 000 cumuleraient cette d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la voiture avec une situation de pr\u00e9carit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour une \u00e9cologie populaire et exigeante<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans ce contexte, l\u2019interdiction progressive des v\u00e9hicules les plus anciens devient une restriction concr\u00e8te de l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux centres urbains, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 se concentrent les emplois, les services et les opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette contradiction qu\u2019il faut prendre au s\u00e9rieux. Une politique \u00e9cologique ne peut \u00eatre juste que si elle donne \u00e0 chacun les moyens r\u00e9els de s\u2019y conformer. Sans investissement massif dans les transports publics, sans accompagnement financier adapt\u00e9 et sans prise en compte des contraintes des classes populaires, les ZFE risquaient de transformer une exigence l\u00e9gitime de sant\u00e9 publique en nouvelle barri\u00e8re sociale. L\u2019enjeu n\u2019est donc pas d\u2019opposer \u00e9cologie et justice sociale, mais de rappeler qu\u2019une transition \u00e9cologique doit se faire en prenant en compte les conditions mat\u00e9rielles d\u2019existences des plus pr\u00e9caires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si d\u2019une mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale nous pouvons nous r\u00e9jouir de la suppression de la ZFE nous ne pouvons pas nous en f\u00e9liciter pour autant. Le PJL de simplification de la vie \u00e9conomique rel\u00e8ve d\u2019une v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9magogie et s\u2019attaque frontalement au droit de l\u2019environnement. L\u2019\u00e9cologie est une priorit\u00e9 et constitue l\u2019un des plus grands enjeux de ce si\u00e8cle. J\u2019ai \u00e9videmment vot\u00e9 contre ce projet de loi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Retrouvez ici mon intervention sur public S\u00e9nat : <\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.publicsenat.fr\/emission\/questions-au-gouvernement\/questions-au-gouvernement-du-15-avril-e25<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En avril, au S\u00e9nat, nous votions sur le projet de loi de simplification \u00e9conomique. 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